{"id":1823,"date":"2016-01-25T00:33:45","date_gmt":"2016-01-25T00:33:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/fisicaevestibular.com.br\/novo\/?page_id=1823"},"modified":"2024-08-19T15:23:28","modified_gmt":"2024-08-19T15:23:28","slug":"geradores-associacao-de-geradores","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/fisicaevestibular.com.br\/novo\/eletricidade\/eletrodinamica\/geradores-associacao-de-geradores\/","title":{"rendered":"Geradores \u2013 Associa\u00e7\u00e3o de geradores"},"content":{"rendered":"

Geradores \u2013 Associa\u00e7\u00e3o de geradores<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Gerador<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Gerador \u00e9 um dispositivo<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> com fun\u00e7\u00e3o de <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>transformar ou transferir energia<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>Transforma qualquer tipo de energia em energia el\u00e9trica.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Exemplos:<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Usina hidrel\u00e9trica\u00a0\"\"<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/b>transforma energia mec\u00e2nica <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>de uma queda de \u00e1gua em <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>energia el\u00e9trica <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>atrav\u00e9s de um\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>gerador<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>, que \u00e9 um dispositivo que <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>transforma energia mec\u00e2nica em energia el\u00e9trica<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> e que possui um <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>eixo que \u00e9 movido por uma turbina<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

O <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>eixo precisa ser girado para que o gerador produza eletricidade. <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>A <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>fun\u00e7\u00e3o da \u00e1gua \u00e9 apenas de girar a turbina<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

promover o movimento do eixo da turbina<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>. Depois do uso, a <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e1gua<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> continua seu <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>percurso normalmente.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\"\" <\/span>Usina termoel\u00e9trica ou termel\u00e9trica\u00a0\"\"<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/b>utiliza carv\u00e3o, \u00f3leo, g\u00e1s ou qualquer outro tipo de combust\u00edvel para aquecer a \u00e1gua<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>, transform\u00e1-la em <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>vapor que ir\u00e1 girar a turbina<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>, que por sua vez<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

acionar\u00e1 o\u00a0gerador, transformando assim energia t\u00e9rmica em energia el\u00e9trica.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span>Usina nuclear<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0\"\" utiliza o <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>potencial energ\u00e9tico dos elementos qu\u00edmicos radioativos <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>para <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>aquecer<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> a \u00e1gua que circula no interior do reator, <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>transformando-a em vapor que ir\u00e1 girar a turbina<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>, que por<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

sua <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>vez acionar\u00e1 o\u00a0gerador, transformando assim energia nuclear em energia el\u00e9trica<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Aerogerador \"\" energia e\u00f3lica\u00a0\"\"<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> utiliza a <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>energia cin\u00e9tica do vento transformando-a em energia el\u00e9trica,<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> atrav\u00e9s de <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>turbinas e\u00f3licas acopladas a\u00a0geradores<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>. Este<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>conjunto turbina-gerador \u00e9<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

habitualmente chamado Aerogerador.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Baterias solares (c\u00e9lulas ou m\u00f3dulos fotovoltaicos)\u00a0\"\" <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>s\u00e3o constitu\u00eddos por um <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>grupo de c\u00e9lulas conectadas eletricamente <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>e <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>reunidas em uma estrutura<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>, que<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>converte a luz do Sol diretamente em<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

eletricidade.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"\u00a0<\/span>Pilhas e baterias \"\"<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0 <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>geradores qu\u00edmicos que transformam energia qu\u00edmica em energia el\u00e9trica.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

For\u00e7a eletromotriz (fem) de um gerador ideal<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0Na realidade, o <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>gerador n\u00e3o gera energia el\u00e9trica, <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>apenas <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>transforma qualquer tipo de energia em energia el\u00e9trica. <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>O <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>gerador fornece energia \u00e0s cargas livres de um condutor, movimentando-as, <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>mantendo assim uma <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>diferen\u00e7a de potencial entre dois pontos\u00a0quaisquer desse condutor.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

No <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>s\u00edmbolo de um gerador <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>o <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>tra\u00e7o maior indica um polo positivo <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>e o <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>menor, o polo negativo.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Quando se <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>mede a tens\u00e3o el\u00e9trica entre os polos do gerador<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>, obt\u00e9m-se uma <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>grandeza denominada\u00a0for\u00e7a eletromotriz (f.e.m.), <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>representada por\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>E ou \u0190<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0e que corresponde, num <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>gerador ideal, de resist\u00eancia interna nula, \u00e0 quantidade de energia el\u00e9trica que recebe cada unidade de carga que o atravessa.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Assim, denomina-se <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>for\u00e7a eletromotriz\u00a0\u0190\u00a0de um gerador ao quociente entre o trabalho (W) realizado no transporte de uma carga\u00a0q, contra a for\u00e7a do campo el\u00e9trico, e o valor absoluto dessa carga, ou seja,<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Na <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>express\u00e3o acima <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>as <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>unidades de f.e.m. <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>s\u00e3o as <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>mesmas<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> do <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>potencial el\u00e9trico U<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>, pois <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>ambas <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>s\u00e3o <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>raz\u00e3o entre trabalho W e carga q.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Assim, no <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>Sistema Internacional de Unidades (SI), <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>a <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>unidade <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>de <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>for\u00e7a eletromotriz E (\u0190) \u00e9 o volt (V) <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>ou o <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>joule\/coulomb (V = J\/C = J.C<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>-1<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/span>).<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Portanto, quando voc\u00ea <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>afirma que a for\u00e7a eletromotriz de um gerador \u00e9 1V, voc\u00ea quer dizer que cada quantidade de carga el\u00e9trica de 1C recebe do gerador 1J de energia el\u00e9trica.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

For\u00e7a eletromotriz (fem) de um gerador real<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Na pr\u00e1tica observa-se que um gerador funcionando normalmente n\u00e3o lan\u00e7a no circuito externo toda pot\u00eancia el\u00e9trica por ele originada<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>, porque, quando a <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>corrente o atravessa<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>, ela <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>encontra certa resist\u00eancia interna (r) por parte dos elementos condutores internos que comp\u00f5e o gerador<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Esse \u00e9 um\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>gerador real. <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>Se a <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>resist\u00eancia interna (r) do gerador for considerada desprez\u00edvel, ent\u00e3o o\u00a0gerador\u00a0ser\u00e1\u00a0ideal.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

A <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>corrente el\u00e9trica no <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>interior<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> do gerador n\u00e3o \u00e9 espont\u00e2nea, mas for\u00e7ada. <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>Assim, <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>ela percorre o interior do gerador no sentido do menor para o maior potencial,<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>ou seja, <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>entra pelo polo negativo e sai pelo positivo.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pot\u00eancia el\u00e9trica de um gerador<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0Considere um <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>gerador de for\u00e7a eletromotriz\u00a0\u0190 e resist\u00eancia interna\u00a0r, submetido a uma diferen\u00e7a de potencial\u00a0U, quando percorrido por uma corrente el\u00e9trica de intensidade\u00a0i.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

O <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>gerador n\u00e3o cria energia el\u00e9trica, ele apenas transforma qualquer tipo de energia em energia el\u00e9trica<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> e as <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>fornece \u00e0s cargas el\u00e9tricas que o atravessam.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Mas, <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>durante<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> a <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>passagem das cargas el\u00e9tricas pelo interior do gerador, ocorrem perdas energ\u00e9ticas. <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>Assim, <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>esquematicamente tem-se:<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Como a <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>pot\u00eancia el\u00e9trica representa a energia el\u00e9trica por unidade de tempo, tem-se:<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Onde\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>P<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>t<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>\u00a0representa a pot\u00eancia total gerada <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>(recebida de forma n\u00e3o el\u00e9trica),\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>P<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>d<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>\u00a0a pot\u00eancia dissipada <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>ou perdida no interior do gerador <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>e\u00a0P<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>u<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>\u00a0a pot\u00eancia fornecida pelo gerador ao meio exterior (pot\u00eancia \u00fatil).<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Como <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>a energia n\u00e3o se perde nem se cria, apenas se transforma, <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>pelo <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>princ\u00edpio da conserva\u00e7\u00e3o da energia<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> tem-se\u00a0 \"\"<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0 P<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>t <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>= P<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>u<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>\u00a0+ P<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>d<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>\u00a0 \"\"<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0 onde, <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>P<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>t <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>= E.i<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0 \"\"<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0 <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>P<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>d <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>= r.i<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>2<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/span>\u00a0 \"\"<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0 <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>P<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>u <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>= U.i<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0 \"\"<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0 P<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>t <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>=P<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>u<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>\u00a0+ P<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>d<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>\u00a0 \"\"\u00a0 E.i = U.i + r.i<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>2<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/span>\u00a0 \"\"\u00a0 <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>cancelando i<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0 \"\"\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>U = E \u2013 r.i\u00a0(equa\u00e7\u00e3o do gerador)<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Rendimento (\u03b7) de um gerador<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

O <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>rendimento \u03b7<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> (que \u00e9 sempre um n\u00famero compreendido entre 0 e 1<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>, n\u00famero menor dividido <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>por <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>um n\u00famero maior<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>) normalmente \u00e9 <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>representado em termos de porcentagem\u00a0 \"\" \u03b7% = (U\/E = P<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>u<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>\/P<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>t<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span> = \u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

W<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>u<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>\/W<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>t<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>) x 100%\u00a0 \"\"\u00a0 com 0 \u2264 \u03b7 \u2264 100.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Curva caracter\u00edstica de um gerador<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

A\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>curva caracter\u00edstica do gerador <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9 <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>representada por um gr\u00e1fico <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>que relaciona <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>a intensidade de corrente el\u00e9trica i no gerador com a diferen\u00e7a de potencial (tens\u00e3o) U em seus terminais. Preste muita aten\u00e7\u00e3o nas informa\u00e7\u00f5es a seguir:<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"\u00a0<\/span>Se\u00a0i = 0,\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>ou seja, se o <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>gerador estiver em\u00a0circuito aberto, <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>tem-se:<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"\u00a0Se\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>U = 0<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>, ou seja, se o <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>gerador estiver em curto circuito<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>, tem-se:<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Os <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>pares de valores U = E e i<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>cc <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>= E\/r<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> determinam <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>dois pontos no gr\u00e1fico Uxi, <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>que unidos por um <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>segmento de reta (fun\u00e7\u00e3o do primeiro grau) <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>fornece a <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>curva caracter\u00edstica de um gerador.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Pot\u00eancia \u00fatil m\u00e1xima fornecida pelo gerador<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Observa\u00e7\u00e3o importante:\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

O que voc\u00ea deve saber, informa\u00e7\u00f5es e dicas<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\" \u00a0<\/span>Gerador<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0\"\" <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>dispositivo com fun\u00e7\u00e3o de transformar ou transferir energia. Transforma qualquer tipo de energia em energia el\u00e9trica.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\" \u00a0Denomina-se\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>for\u00e7a eletromotriz E (\u0190)\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>de um gerador ao <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>quociente entre o\u00a0trabalho (W) realizado no transporte de uma\u00a0carga q,\u00a0contra a for\u00e7a do campo el\u00e9trico, e o valor absoluto dessa carga.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\"\"\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Voc\u00ea j\u00e1 deve ter observado a <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>exist\u00eancia de pilhas e baterias de diversos tamanhos <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>que fornecem a <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>mesma voltagem (tens\u00e3o, diferen\u00e7a de potencial).<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

O\u00a0tamanho\u00a0da pilha ou da bateria <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>est\u00e1\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>diretamente relacionado com a intensidade de corrente<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

el\u00e9trica\u00a0que ela deve fornecer a um circuito\u00a0 \"\"<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0 observe na <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>figura acima <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>que as <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>l\u00e2mpadas possuem a mesma for\u00e7a eletromotriz<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> e, assim, <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>como a <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>maior fornece maior corrente<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>, consequentemente ela deve fornecer <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>maior pot\u00eancia<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> (P=U.i) e possuir <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>menor resist\u00eancia interna.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\" \u00a0<\/span>Rendimento (\u03b7) <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>do gerador quando a <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>pot\u00eancia \u00e9 m\u00e1xima\u00a0 \"\"<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0 <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u03b7 <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>= U<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>m\u00e1x<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>\/E = (E\/2)\/E <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>= 0,5 \"\"<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>quando a pot\u00eancia \u00e9 m\u00e1xima, o rendimento \u00e9 de 50%.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Associa\u00e7\u00e3o de geradores<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Associa\u00e7\u00e3o s\u00e9rie de geradores<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0Se voc\u00ea deseja <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>obter uma diferen\u00e7a de potencial de 6,0 V <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>e tiver apenas <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>pilhas de 1,5V, <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>voc\u00ea deve <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>associar quatro pilhas em s\u00e9rie <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>ligando <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>o polo positivo de uma ao negativo da outra, <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>e assim por diante. O <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>mesmo ocorre <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>com <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>qualquer tipo de gerador<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Esse <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>tipo<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> de associa\u00e7\u00e3o recebe o nome de\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>associa\u00e7\u00e3o s\u00e9rie,\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>cujas <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>caracter\u00edsticas\u00a0est\u00e3o resumidas <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>a seguir e que podem ser estendidas a ,<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>5, 6, 7 ……. n geradores.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"\u00a0A <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>intensidade de corrente el\u00e9trica i \u00e9 a mesma em todos os geradores.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"\u00a0A <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>for\u00e7a eletromotriz equivalente <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9 a <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>soma das for\u00e7as eletromotrizes dos geradores parciais<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>, ou seja, <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>E = E<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>1<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>\u00a0+ E<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>2<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>\u00a0+ E<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>3<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>\u00a0+ E<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>4<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>\u00a0+ ….. + E<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>n<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"\u00a0A <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>diferen\u00e7a de potencial (tens\u00e3o) total entre A e B <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9 a <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>soma das tens\u00f5es parciais<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>, ou seja, <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>U<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>AB <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>=\u00a0U<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>1<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>\u00a0+ U<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>2<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>\u00a0+ U<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>3<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>\u00a0+ U<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>4<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>\u00a0+ …… + U<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>n<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"\u00a0A <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>resist\u00eancia interna equivalente <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9 a <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>soma das resist\u00eancias internas parciais<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>, ou seja, <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>r<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>eq <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>= r<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>1<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>\u00a0+ r<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>2<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>\u00a0+ r<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>3<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>\u00a0+ r<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>4<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>\u00a0+ …… + r<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>n<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Associa\u00e7\u00e3o paralelo de geradores<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00c9 obtida quando se <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>liga entre si todos os polos positivos dos geradores <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>(o <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>terminal da uni\u00e3o <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9 o de <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>mais alta tens\u00e3o do circuito<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>) e <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>todos os polos negativos <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>(o<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>terminal de uni\u00e3o <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9 o de <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>mais baixa tens\u00e3o do circuito<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>).<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nesse tipo de associa\u00e7\u00e3o <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>conv\u00e9m que todos os geradores tenham a mesma for\u00e7a eletromotriz E<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>, para que <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>n\u00e3o dissipem parte da energia que fornecem ao circuito externo.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Caracter\u00edsticas <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>desse tipo de associa\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"\u00a0A <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>intensidade de corrente el\u00e9trica se subdivide entre os geradores<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"\u00a0<\/span>A for\u00e7a eletromotriz da associa\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 igual \u00e0quela de cada um dos resistores\u00a0 \"\"\u00a0 E<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>eq<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>=E<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"\u00a0<\/span>C\u00e1lculo da resist\u00eancia interna equivalente\u00a0 \"\"<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0 utilizar <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>um dos tr\u00eas processos<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> j\u00e1 vistos em <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>associa\u00e7\u00e3o paralelo de resistores.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Associa\u00e7\u00e3o mista de geradores<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Diversas associa\u00e7\u00f5es paralelo est\u00e3o ligadas em s\u00e9rie ou vice versa.\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>Para resolver um <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>associa\u00e7\u00e3o mista de geradores<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>, inicialmente voc\u00ea deve <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>resolver as liga\u00e7\u00f5es serie e paralelo que existirem <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>e <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>repetindo o processo at\u00e9 que s\u00f3 reste um \u00fanico gerador (gerador equivalente).<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Exemplo:<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

No esquema abaixo tem-se <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>4 pilhas id\u00eanticas de for\u00e7a eletromotriz 1,5V e resist\u00eancia interna 0,3\u2126, associadas a um mini ventilador de resist\u00eancia interna<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a013,6 \u2126.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>Calcule:<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

a) <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>a <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>pot\u00eancia el\u00e9trica dissipada pelo mini ventilador.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

b) <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>a <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>corrente de curto circuito do gerador equivalente<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

a) calculando a <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>for\u00e7a eletromotriz e a resist\u00eancia interna do gerador equivalente, conforme a sequ\u00eancia abaixo:<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

As <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>tr\u00eas pilhas em paralelo\u00a0\"\"<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>E\u2019 = 1,5V e r\u2019= <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>0,3\/3 <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>= 0,1 \u2126 <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0\"\" <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>essa pilha equivalente est\u00e1 em s\u00e9rie<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

com a <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>quarta pilha\u00a0 \"\"<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0 E<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>eq<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>= 1,5 + 1,5\u00a0 \"\"\u00a0 <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>E<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>eq<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>=3,0V\u00a0 \"\"<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0 r<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>eq <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>= 0,1 + 0,3\u00a0 \"\" \u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>r<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>eq <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>= 0,4 \u2126.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

b) i<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>cc <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>= E<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>eq<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>\/r<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>eq <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>= 3\/0,4\u00a0 \"\"<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0 <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>i<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>cc<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>=7,5 A.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

O que voc\u00ea deve saber, informa\u00e7\u00f5es e dicas<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"\u00a0A<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> associa\u00e7\u00e3o de geradores em s\u00e9rie \u00e9 utilizada para que se forne\u00e7a maior diferen\u00e7a de potencial ou tens\u00e3o (U) ao circuito externo.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span>A associa\u00e7\u00e3o de geradores em paralelo <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>(geradores iguais, para n\u00e3o haver perda de energia) \u00e9 <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>utilizada para se obter uma resist\u00eancia interna inferior \u00e0 resist\u00eancia de cada gerador\u00a0 \"\"<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 <\/span>n geradores em paralelo\u00a0 \"\"\u00a0 E<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>eq<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>=E\u00a0 \"\"\u00a0 r<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>eq<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>=r\/n.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"Geradores em oposi\u00e7\u00e3o\u00a0–<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Quando voc\u00ea <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>liga o polo positivo de um gerador (por exemplo, pilha) com o polo positivo da seguinte<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>, voc\u00ea obt\u00e9m uma <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>associa\u00e7\u00e3o em oposi\u00e7\u00e3o <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>e as <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>for\u00e7as eletromotrizes atuar\u00e3o umas \u201ccontra\u201d as outras <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>e, nesse caso, as <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>for\u00e7as eletromotrizes se anular\u00e3o se forem iguais<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>. Isso ocorre porque a <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>for\u00e7a eletromotriz total \u00e9 igual \u00e0 diferen\u00e7a entre as for\u00e7as eletromotrizes parciais.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Observe os <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>exemplos abaixo:<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Confira os exerc\u00edcios com resolu\u00e7\u00e3o comentada<\/span><\/a><\/h3>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Geradores \u2013 Associa\u00e7\u00e3o de geradores Gerador Gerador \u00e9 um dispositivo com fun\u00e7\u00e3o de transformar ou transferir energia. Transforma qualquer tipo de energia em energia el\u00e9trica. Exemplos: Usina hidrel\u00e9trica\u00a0 transforma energia mec\u00e2nica de uma queda de \u00e1gua em energia el\u00e9trica atrav\u00e9s de um\u00a0gerador, que \u00e9 um dispositivo que transforma energia mec\u00e2nica em energia el\u00e9trica e que possui um eixo que \u00e9<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1676,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1823","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/fisicaevestibular.com.br\/novo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1823","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/fisicaevestibular.com.br\/novo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/fisicaevestibular.com.br\/novo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fisicaevestibular.com.br\/novo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fisicaevestibular.com.br\/novo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1823"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/fisicaevestibular.com.br\/novo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1823\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1832,"href":"https:\/\/fisicaevestibular.com.br\/novo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1823\/revisions\/1832"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fisicaevestibular.com.br\/novo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1676"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/fisicaevestibular.com.br\/novo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1823"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}